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human rights movement
Human rights movement refers to a nongovernmental social movement engaged in activism related to the issues of human rights. The foundations of the global human rights movement involve resistance to: colonialism, imperialism, slavery, racism, apartheid, patriarchy, and oppression of indigenous peoples.〔Clapham, ''Human Rights'' (2007), p. 19. "In fact, the modern civil rights movement and the complex normative international framework have grown out of a number of transnational and widespread movements. Human rights were invoked and claimed in the contexts of anti-colonialism, anti-imperialism, anti-slavery, anti-apartheid, anti-racism, and feminist and indigenous struggles everywhere."〕
A key principle of the human rights movement is its appeal to universality: the idea that all human beings should struggle in solidarity for a common set of basic conditions.〔Clapham, ''Human Rights'' (2007), p. 19–20. "...the sense of solidarity amongst those who believe they are the victims of a human rights violation can transcend class, gender, and other distinctions. This sense of connectedness is critical to understanding the changing world of human rights."〕
==History==
Human rights activism predates the 20th century, and includes, for example, the anti-slavery movement.〔〔Clapham, ''Human Rights'' (2007), p. 27.〕 Historical movements were usually concerned with a limited set of issues, and they were more local than global.〔 One account identifies the 1899 Hague Convention as a starting point for the idea that humans have rights independent of the states that control them.〔Normand and Zaidi, ''Human Rights at the UN'' (2008), pp. 40–43.〕
The activities of the International Federation for Human Rights (originally the International Labor Organization)—founded in France by the international labor movement in the 1920s—can be seen as a precursor to the modern movements.〔〔Normand and Zaidi, ''Human Rights at the UN'' (2008), pp. 56–57.〕 This organization was quickly embraced by the United States and European powers, perhaps as a way to counteract the Bolshevik call for global solidarity among workers.〔Normand and Zaidi, ''Human Rights at the UN'' (2008), p. 57.〕
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